Priority status is ascribed to vision, a powerful and efficient data information collection system. For example, people can see extremely far distances, as far as the Triangulum Galaxy 3.14 million light years away on a clear night ( Juan, 2006). Second, human sight is tremendously powerful. Moreover, approximately 30% of the entire cerebral cortex is devoted to visual processing ( Sheth & Young, 2016). Seventy percent of the body's entire set of sensory receptors are located on the retinas ( Spaulding, 2008), and two-thirds of the neural firings in the brain per second come directly from the visual cortex ( Sells & Fixot, 1957). First, human eyes are biologically favored as input mechanisms. The primacy of vision arguably occurs for several reasons. For example, baseball batters who received discrepant visual, auditory, and tactile information about the success of their swing prioritized the visual information they receive ( Gray, 2009). Indeed, when multiple sources of input rival, visual information often receives priority ( Kassuba, T., Klinge, C., Hölig, C., Röder, B., & Siebner, H.R. Visual perception is a primary source of information as people interpret and make sense of the world around them. Shana Cole, Emily Balcetis, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2021 5.1 Property 1: Vision is a primary source of information Possible relations between visual awareness and neural activity are discussed. The visual system is also plastic and its connectivity can be modified by experience. Visual cortical activity is not determined solely by bottom-up processing but is subject to central modulation by attention and task demands. Psychophysical thresholds can be related to signals in noise, in specific populations of cortical neurons. The binding problem-how different aspects of visual information are related to a common object-is important but not yet well understood. In parallel, the dorsal stream to the parietal lobe creates spatial representations in various frames of reference appropriate for the control of actions. Grouping processes create representations of structure, which serve as the basis, via the ventral cortical stream, for recognition of objects, faces, and scenes in specialized temporal lobe areas. Each cortical neuron has a receptive field structure which makes it a tuned filter for properties such as contour orientation. These representations rest on population coding, in which single neurons carry univariant information, and each neuron acts as a labeled line. Visual perception requires a series of transformations of neural signals, in the retina, area V1, and extra-striate cortex, creating patterns of activity that represent information needed for recognition, location, and guidance of actions. Braddick, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 These improvements in basic visual sensitivities set the stage for the higher-level perception of objects and events that is acquired by sophisticated learning mechanisms. However, young infants have much to learn from their visual world, and their abilities increase substantially during the first postnatal year. Newborns are already tuned to the distal properties of the environment (e.g., they blink to looming displays, perceive oriented contours, and discriminate colors). The classic view that we begin life by perceiving elementary sensations (the proximal information impinging on the retina) and only later, by a protracted process of learning, construct internal representations of the external world (the distal information that we experience), has largely been shown to be incorrect. However, there is still much to be learned about how these basic abilities are converted into higher-level percepts and integrated with motor systems. Much has been discovered about the basic sensitivities of the visual system in young infants over the past 40 years. Although the range of visual inputs sufficient to enable ‘normal’ visual development is quite broad, visual deprivation (e.g., cataracts or strabismus) during a sensitive period can lead to permanent deficits in visual development. Experiential factors include periods of susceptibility to altered visual input. One result of such maturational factors is a reduction in the intrinsic neural noise that limits stimulus detection and discrimination. Another is the increasing selectivity of receptive fields in the visual cortex. Maturational factors include neural developments, such as the migration of photoreceptors (increasing the packing density of cones in the fovea). The development of mature visual perception during early infancy is influenced by both maturational and experiential mechanisms. Lathrop, in Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development, 2008 Developmental Mechanisms: Nature and Nurture
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